We are currently experiencing demographic change in full swing and there is often no discussion about how this will affect our society. This article sheds light on the various facets of this change and offers an outlook on our future.
Fertility
In 1871, the average woman gave birth to around 5 children. For fertility, it is important to note that a society needs about 2.1 children per woman to remain stable. Anything less than 2.1 children leads to a shrinking society. A significant drop in the birth rate occurred during the First World War. After that, the figures rose briefly until Adolf Hitler started a renewed decline. There was then a slight recovery in birth rates in the 1950s, but the graph shows a stagnating trend overall.
For around 50 years, the birth rate in Germany has been below 2.1 children per woman and has now leveled off at 1.5 children. This means that German society is continuing to shrink. We can only maintain our prosperity and keep society stable through immigration, particularly from Eastern Europe. Otherwise we would shrink significantly.
From 1945 to 1970, we had baby boomers who look like a mountain on a graph. This poses a problem, as these baby boomers are now gradually retiring.
Life expectancy
Life expectancy has changed considerably. In 1770, life expectancy in Europe averaged 35 years. Thanks to medical advances, it had risen to almost 78 years by 2019. In Africa, for example, life expectancy rose from 30 years in 1770 to over 60 years today.
Falling infant mortality and medical developments are contributing to the population increase. However, it should be noted that life expectancy in Western countries has now reached a plateau, while in other regions, such as Africa, there is still potential for further increases.
According to Stefan Schulz, an economist, human history shows that around 8 billion people are currently alive - an all-time high. However, future growth could reach its limits, especially in Western countries.
Comparison with China
The situation in China is even more dramatic than in Germany. In 1950, the birth rate was around 6 children per woman. This figure then fell sharply, especially after the introduction of the one-child policy, which led to many women terminating pregnancies - especially girls. This has led to a considerable surplus of men in the Chinese population.
In 2015, China allowed the birth of 2 children again, and later this was even extended to 3 children. However, this measure has had little impact. The current average birth rate is 1.7 children per woman, which means that China will also soon be faced with a shrinking population.
OECD countries in comparison
A look at the OECD countries reveals a clear global trend of falling birth rates. South Korea stands out in particular, with a birth rate of just 0.8 children per woman. If this trend continues, South Korea's population could shrink by half in the next generation.
The falling birth rates in these countries are an alarming signal for future social and economic stability. A declining population can have far-reaching consequences on the labor market, in the social system and in the age structure.
Life expectancy in transition
Life expectancy has changed significantly over the years. In 1770, the average life expectancy in Europe was around 35 years. From 1870 onwards, society experienced a sharp increase due to medical advances. In 2019, the average life expectancy was almost 78 years.
In Africa, the average life expectancy in 1770 was only 30 years. Today it is over 60 years. This improvement is mainly due to medical advances, vaccinations and other health developments. In recent decades, research has developed considerably, which has also significantly reduced infant mortality. These factors contribute to the stability and growth of a society. When people live longer and new generations are added at the same time, this leads to an increase in the population.
Life expectancy in Western countries has reached a high level. However, it is unlikely to rise much further. In Africa, however, there is still potential for further improvement, as can be seen in the corresponding charts and figures.
Critical perspective by Stefan Schulz
Stefan Schulz, an economist and podcast presenter (e.g. on "Jung und Naiv"), has made some interesting points about population development in his book "Die Altenrepublik" (EAN 9783455014693). He emphasizes that humans have been around for 300,000 years, and in that time a total of 100 billion people have been born. 200 years ago there was a maximum of one billion people living at any one time, 100 years ago there were two billion, and today there are almost eight billion. This means that 8% of all people ever born are currently living at the same time - a historic peak.
Although there is slight growth, a tipping point could be reached in the next 10-15 years, depending on developments in society. In Western countries, however, we are close to our demographic peak.
Population structure and population ageing
The population pyramid is a well-known and often used diagram to illustrate the age structure of a population. In countries like Africa, the population pyramid actually looks like a pyramid, with a broad base symbolizing a high birth rate. In contrast, the pyramid in Germany looks more like a vase, reflecting an ageing population.
In 2022, a graph shows that the so-called baby boomers were born in the early 1950s, followed by a significant decline in birth rates in the 1970s - a "birth crash". This generation is now about to retire. If we look ahead to 2035, all the baby boomers will be retired and no longer participating in the labor market. They will move to the pension side of the state, which will have a significant impact on the social and economic structure.
In recent years, these people have contributed significantly to the country's prosperity, supplemented by immigration. As this generation disappears in the coming years, the population structure will continue to change, posing challenges for the welfare state and the economy.
Demographic challenges and Africa's role
Africa is currently the birthplace of the world, with a birth rate of around 4.3 children per woman. This region is the only one that continues to contribute to global population growth, while most other countries, especially in Europe and Asia, are facing demographic challenges and population decline.
Possible developments in Africa
If the birth rate in Africa falls to 3 children per woman, this could lead to a global decline and initiate population shrinkage. The first signs of a possible change can already be seen in the current graphs and statistics. Many Asian countries are also close to a tipping point where they could also start to shrink. African countries, on the other hand, will probably continue to keep their birth rates stable and thus support global population growth in the long term.
Immigration
The demographic problem in Western countries, including many countries in South America, raises the question of where the young people will come from to keep the economy going. Immigration is mainly concentrated in Eastern Europe, where demographic problems also exist and the demand for labor is growing.
It will be interesting to see how this trend develops. Europe faces the particular challenge of rejuvenating an ageing labor market, while at the same time there is increasing pressure to recruit young people from other regions. The demographic situation in Europe is critical and without sustainable solutions, the level of prosperity will be jeopardized.
Retirement of the baby boomers
Healthcare costs in Germany are a fascinating and at the same time worrying topic. These costs are rising massively, especially towards the end of life. As a rule, men die earlier than women, which leads to a more favorable overall balance for healthcare costs - a harsh but real fact. Up to the age of 84, the costs are still within reasonable limits, but they explode considerably for those over 85.
Healthcare costs and their impact
A highly recommended book on this topic is "Gehalt statt behandelt" by Harald Schmidt (ISBN 978-3-86470-741-4). It shows how people in emerging countries generally only reach the age of 65 to 70 and often die after that. In industrialized countries, on the other hand, old age - especially the last 5 to 10 years - is burdened with extremely high resources and costs. This leads to a massive accumulation of financial and medical requirements that place a heavy burden on the healthcare system.
Future outlook
These challenges represent an enormous house of cards that is becoming increasingly unstable. The human labor and resources needed to bear these costs will soon no longer be available in the required quantity. In my personal opinion, we are at a limit that will either be difficult to increase or even maintain. The baby boomers who are now retiring are exacerbating this problem and pushing the system to its limits.
Insight into society's transfer payments
Bernhard Hammer, a social economist from Vienna, has worked intensively on the subject of transfer payments and their economic impact. He produces impressive graphics and technical papers that clearly illustrate the financial burden of social benefits over the course of a person's life.
Cost development over the course of a lifetime
The graphs clearly show that transfer costs are higher for women between the ages of 25 and 50, mainly due to family benefits such as child benefit. After this phase, transfers increase slightly due to school and kindergarten expenses.
However, costs shoot up sharply from retirement age onwards. This shows that women receive less overall, as they have often paid less into the social security system. Men generally receive higher pension entitlements as they tend to pay more into the system.
To underpin these statements, Hammer's charts are very informative and worthwhile in order to visually capture the financial differences between the sexes in the course of retirement.
National debt
The introduction of the fiat money system in 1971 put an end to gold backing, which had a decisive impact on the economy and the population. Birth rates had already fallen dramatically by this time. During the phases of economic upswing, which can be attributed to the demographic dividend, we were able to steadily expand and maintain our prosperity. However, this prosperity was accompanied by a massive increase in national debt.
Current challenges
This raises the question: instead of increasing our debt, we could have expected prosperity to be used more sustainably. We have now reached a point where we are incurring demographic costs while at the same time sitting on a huge mountain of debt. The current data and facts clearly demonstrate this problem, especially in the graphs that illustrate the connection between population development and national debt.
In my opinion, the impending decline in the workforce due to the decline in the baby boomers will lead to a shrinking of the national economy. This could result in a significant decline in prosperity as fewer people are active in the labor market and responsibilities for social and health care systems increase.
Importance of the family for society
In the period between 1900 and 2005, household sizes have changed considerably. The relevant figures and charts show that in 1900, around 45% of families lived in households with more than five people. This structure has changed fundamentally over the years, so that today there are hardly any households with more than five people.
Factors influencing household size
Household size is a crucial aggregate that is linked to various social aspects such as marriage propensity, fertility, divorce rates and the age at which young people move out. These factors have a significant impact on demographics, depending on how large or small a family is.
In 1871, the average household size was 4.64 people, whereas in 2000 it had fallen to an average of 2.1 people. These shifts not only create challenges for the social and economic structure, but also affect the way families operate and thrive in society.
Future outlook for private households
The analysis of private households shows that the structure will continue to change in the coming years. In 1991, the proportion of single-person households was around 35%. By 2018, this share had risen to 40%, and it is predicted that it could even reach 45% in the future. However, these estimates are uncertain, as future developments in terms of births and immigration are difficult to predict. Nevertheless, we can deduce certain trends that are likely to increase further in the coming years.
Decline in families and increase in single-person households
The last two decades have been characterized by a decline in the number of families. While there were still around 13.2 million families in 1996, the number had fallen to 11.6 million by 2021 - a decline of 13%.
According to the new forecasts, the number of single-person households is expected to rise from 17.3 million in 2018 to 19.3 million in 2040. This would mean that 24% of all people living in private households would live alone.
Outsourcing family processes
A decisive aspect of the current social changes is the outsourcing of family processes such as caring for parents, raising children and running kindergartens. When the baby boomers retire and these positions are not filled, this has an impact on the structure and stability of the family. Today's families in Germany and other countries are often not well prepared for these changes.
In my opinion, a family's resilience was higher in 1900 because many of these processes were managed internally, whereas today they are increasingly outsourced. This could affect the social stability and well-being of families in the long term.
Facts and figures
The current facts and figures on demographic developments in Germany are alarming and show clear trends that cannot be ignored:
- 18 million people will retire in the next 13 years.
- At the same time, only 11 million people will join the labor market, assuming the migration trend remains unchanged. These 11 million have already been born.
- On average, around 600,000 people emigrate from Germany every year.
- In order to compensate for those leaving the labor market, we need around 400,000 additional immigrants per year.
- This leads to an estimated gap of around 7 million people in the labor market!
Significance of this development
The consequences of these developments are serious. It is difficult to imagine what it will mean if one in five workers leaves this economy by 2035. At present, there is little visible urgency and many are holding on to the current situation.
We urgently need a skilled and immigrant workforce, especially well-educated people who can directly fill the vacancies. This must be done in such a way that it does not place an excessive burden on the social security system.
- There are currently around 50 pensioners for every 100 contributors. In 15 years' time, there will statistically be around 70 pensioners for every 100 contributors.
These figures illustrate the challenges facing the pension system and the need to take measures to ensure future stability.
The future of investing
The future of investing is closely linked to demographic change and the associated challenges. These issues are of great importance as they have a decisive influence on economic developments. For a responsible investor, such data and facts should be decisive.
Focus on long-term investments
When making long-term investments, it is essential to look at the demographic parameters. Many people briefly take up such topics at school, but often forget about them in everyday life. This article is intended to draw attention to these aspects and raise awareness. Especially at a time when the figures are alarming worldwide, it is important to keep an eye on population and demographic trends.
In addition to demographic factors, other economic parameters should also be taken into account in planning. A future with a declining economy, reduced wealth and rising debt could have a significant impact on the markets.
Discussion and exchange
What each individual takes from these considerations and derives for their own investment decisions is up to them. I invite you to discuss and exchange ideas in the Getquin community. Sharing ideas can help you understand different perspectives and make informed decisions.
Can Bitcoin solve the demographic challenges?
The discussion around Bitcoin and its potential ability to address social and economic problems is complex. Some factors that have an impact on the current situation are the changing social awareness that has been shaped by the introduction of contraceptives such as the pill, the decoupling of risks from the state and the changing role of women in society. These developments have led to a decline in birth rates.
The pension system and its shortcomings
In the 1960s and 70s, the pension system moved from normal to pay-as-you-go financing. This enabled people to draw pensions without having children of their own, which ultimately does not represent sustainable provision. The model does not work if there is no subsequent generation to pay into the system. A key point is that "the bread that wants to be eaten must first be baked."
Technological improvement as a solution
To increase productivity, technology could also be improved so that fewer people are needed to achieve the same level of productivity. Technologies such as AI and automation are important factors here. However, I am skeptical whether this will be enough to compensate for the human workforce, especially in view of the digital transformation that is slowly progressing in Germany.
The role of Bitcoin
"Bitcoin fixes this" is often said, and many see Bitcoin as a way to think more long-term and reduce short-term consumption. Short-term oriented decisions in companies and by political decision-makers are problematic, as they often only think until the next election or quarterly balance sheet.
Bitcoin could build a bridge as it promotes long-term thinking and encourages people to cut back on consumption. The idea is that a stable value of Bitcoin will allow people to save for the long term and invest in the future, potentially leading to a higher birth rate.
As the recognition of the age pyramid and the problems associated with it are not sufficiently addressed by the state, Bitcoin could offer an individual solution. When people think and plan for the long term, they are more likely to bring more children into the world as they are more aware of their future.
Bitcoin could therefore play an essential role in shaping a more stable and sustainable economic and social future.
Money as retirement provision and the role of children
It is true that money alone is not sufficient provision for old age. To actually have value, someone must be willing to ask for the money. In this context, one could say that "children are the only retirement provision that works", as they are useful even when there is no money.
Trust in the state and in currencies
If trust in the state and its currency wanes because future needs cannot be met, this could lead to people recognizing the added value of Bitcoin. In this situation, highly regulated markets that are no longer tangible to the state could transition into a free market in which Bitcoin can play a role. This could help to meet people's needs in a consolidating economic landscape in the long term.
Impact of Bitcoin on birth rates
One interesting aspect is whether Bitcoin users tend to have more children or have a higher birth rate. Some supporters, or "plebs", have the perception that they are more likely to start their own family and not be completely dependent on the state due to their long-term mindset. This view could suggest that Bitcoin users are more open to starting families.
However, there is no reliable data and facts for this, and I will leave my personal opinion aside. These thoughts come from some Bitcoin users and reflect their views.
The characteristics of the Bitcoin network - decentralization, cooperation and long-term perspectives - also translate well to the concept of the family, which has many of these characteristics. This could be a further argument that a Bitcoin-oriented mindset also leads to a different lifestyle, which may include a greater willingness to start a family.
Offtopic: Demographic change and the economic system
In Germany, it can be observed that many highly qualified specialists are emigrating abroad due to the high tax burden and the associated state costs. Those who follow are often less educated and benefit from the existing social systems. This raises the question of whether there should not be a "race" to be the first state to introduce a Bitcoin standard and simultaneously lower taxes in order to attract highly qualified people.
The role of Bitcoin in fighting inflation
With Bitcoin and other less conventional assets, people could protect themselves from inflation resulting from the current economic challenges. While inflation may eventually fall, it could also rise significantly, spurred by the huge cash flow problem we discussed in the previous text. These points are particularly dramatic given the demographic changes that are not on many people's radar.
Social system and social perception
One result of the fiat money system is that we now spend enormous resources on caring for the elderly. If we had decentralized structures that focused more on families instead of a centralized social system, we could perceive death very differently. It would become clearer that the life of an elderly person cannot be prolonged indefinitely at all possible costs. This could lead to more differentiated decisions being made about necessary medical interventions, such as operations for older people.
In the current system, health insurance will often cover the costs, so relatives have little incentive to think about the necessity of interventions. People tend to fight for life, especially when they believe it is "free" and there is access to medical care. This human reaction is understandable, but it does not reflect the value of human labor.
If incentives were structured differently - for example, if treatment costs were high - this could lead to a reconsideration of whether or not to invest in certain medical interventions. In countries where the average life expectancy is 70 years, it is socially accepted that people die at that age without unnecessary medical interventions. Ironically, such considerations exist here, while the retirement age is also set at 70, which seems paradoxical.
Conclusion
Overall, we are facing some very challenging issues that affect both the social fabric and economic structures. If the existing system remains as it is, this will lead to massive problems in the long term. It is important to recognize and understand this harsh reality in order to make informed decisions for the future. "Don't Trust, Verify!" is the motto here, because sustainable solutions can only be found by critically examining the existing structures.
Challenges and solutions in the context of demographic change
It is indeed extremely difficult to make the right decisions in the current situation. The hard facts that we are currently facing cannot simply be ignored. Even though I wish the best for myself and my loved ones, we have to deal with the challenges that demographic change brings with it.
Financial burdens and government spending
The option of simply printing more money often does not bring the desired solutions. Instead, this simply leads to inflation, where the cost of everything increases without actually improving the quality of life. It is often argued that we either have to work longer or pay higher taxes into pension and health insurance. After all, someone has to pay the bill.
In the current situation, it is difficult to take responsibility for the greater good. Many people think: "I can't look after everyone, so I'll look after myself first." This attitude leads to a dwindling sense of collective responsibility.
Political challenges
The political landscape also contributes to this dilemma. Many politicians are focused on short-term solutions in order to win votes in the next elections. Decisions that affect the future are often postponed because they are unpopular in the present. The need to reform the system in the long term is often ignored.
Fundamental political change may be necessary to tackle these problems. But even the most capable politicians are often caught up in partisan and bureaucratic constraints that make urgent reform difficult.
Social movements in response
One possible solution could lie in the emergence of a grassroots movement, where individuals and communities seek change from the bottom up. Such changes could eventually have an impact on society as a whole.
Global connections and responsibility
The current energy crisis clearly shows that simply "printing" money is not a sustainable solution. It is an example of how we try to solve short-term problems with financial means without addressing the underlying challenges. The reality is that resources are limited and we are indeed in a global competition for solutions.
It is also important to recognize the unequal game that takes place between mature and developing societies. When a wealthy state benefits itself at the expense of other countries, it is not only problematic, but in some ways anti-social.
Conclusion
The challenges are complex and transcend national borders. The question remains: How can we collectively move towards positive change when incentives are so heavily weighted towards short-term gain? Ultimately, it is always the people who bear the responsibility and it is up to us how we respond to these challenges.
In conclusion: The Invisible Crises and their impact
It is a fact that many of us cannot yet really imagine the challenges that lie ahead. The baby boomers are present in almost all professions - be it bus drivers, tradespeople, doctors or nurses. Nursing staff in particular are exemplary of a hidden crisis within our society. Many people only realize how serious the situation actually is when a personal crisis occurs, such as a missing carer or an operation that is not carried out.
The impact on society
The crises caused by the shortage of skilled workers often only become visible when they have a concrete impact on services - be it in transportation, when truck drivers are missing, or in the postal service, which is no longer delivered reliably. Society feels the effects immediately when important services and infrastructures no longer function smoothly.
Many people in the care sector have been aware of the reality of these situations for over 10 years. They know what they are facing and have the problems right in front of them. However, it is only now that wider society is slowly beginning to realize this skills shortage in various professions.
Conclusion
These hidden crises have the potential to have a far-reaching impact on our quality of life and the stability of communities. We are facing a pivotal time where the awareness and actions taken will have a critical impact on our future. It is important that we not only recognize the symptoms, but also address the underlying issues in order to find appropriate solutions and meet the challenges with foresight.
Sources
Book: The Power of Demographics by Paul Morland
Book: The Great Workerlessness by Sebastian Dettmers
https://www.ls3.soziologie.uni-muenchen.de/studium-lehre/archiv/teaching-marterials/familiensoziologie.pdf
https://www.bib.bund.de/DE/Fakten/Fakt/F09-Zusammengefasste-Geburtenziffer-West-Ost-ab-1945.html
https://de.statista.com/infografik/24972/anzahl-der-geburten-pro-frau-in-china/
https://www.econlib.org/in-praise-of-slackers
https://www.ls3.soziologie.uni-muenchen.de/studium-lehre/archiv/teaching-marterials/familiensoziologie.pdf
https://www.bib.bund.de/DE/Fakten/Fakt/F09-Zusammengefasste-Geburtenziffer-West-Ost-ab-1945.html
https://de.statista.com/infografik/24972/anzahl-der-geburten-pro-frau-in-china/https://www.econlib.org/in-praise-of-slackers
https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy#rising-life-expectancy-around-the-world
https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1724/umfrage/weltweite-fertilitaetsrate-nach-kontinenten/
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
https://ourworldindata.org/region-population-210
https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/152323/umfrage/krankheitskosten-nach-alter-und-geschlecht-2006-je-einwohner/
https://www.gold.de/staatsverschuldung-usa/
https://steuerzahler.de/aktion-position/staatsverschuldung/staatsverschuldung/?L=0
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Demografischer-Wandel/Hintergruende-Auswirkungen/demografie-familien.html
https://www.ls3.soziologie.uni-muenchen.de/studium-lehre/archiv/teaching-marterials/familiensoziologie.pdf
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2020/03/PD20_069_122.html
https://open.spotify.com/episode/4BLs8EPkb2y63LbteBVyv0?si=u53KcAIRRmi7Vh7B6Cr5vQ&utm
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Note: Unfortunately, not all graphics could be included in the articles, as Getquin has a limitation. Complete article with all graphics: https://www.innovaclustersolution.com/bw-demografischer-wandel
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